In Korean, the object particles 을 and 를 are used to indicate the object of a sentence, much like how "to" or "the" might function in English. Their usage depends on whether the noun they follow has a final consonant (받침) or not. Here's a simple and detailed explanation for beginners:
1. What Are Object Particles?Object particles mark the object in a sentence — the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. For example:

• 사과를 먹어요 → "I eat an apple."
  • Here, 사과를 shows that "apple" is the object being eaten.

2. When to Use 을 or 를?The choice between 을 and 를 depends on the final sound of the noun:

• Use 을 if the noun ends with a consonant.
• Use 를 if the noun ends with a vowel.

3. Breaking It Down:(1) Use 을 after a consonantIf the noun ends with a consonant sound, attach 을:

• 책 (book) → 책을
  
  • 책을 읽어요. → "I read a book."
• 밥 (rice) → 밥을
  
  • 밥을 먹어요. → "I eat rice."

(2) Use 를 after a vowelIf the noun ends with a vowel sound, attach 를:

• 사과 (apple) → 사과를
  
  • 사과를 먹어요. → "I eat an apple."
• 영화 (movie) → 영화를
  
  • 영화를 봐요. → "I watch a movie."

4. Easy Rule for Beginners

• Check the last letter of the noun:
  1. If it has a 받침 (final consonant), use 을.
  2. If it doesn’t have a 받침 (ends in a vowel), use 를.

5. Quick PracticeHere are some nouns. Let’s add 을 or 를:

• 고양이 (cat) → 고양이를
• 물 (water) → 물을
• 커피 (coffee) → 커피를
• 책 (book) → 책을

6. Why This Matters?Using the correct object particle makes your sentence grammatically clear and helps you sound more natural in Korean.

7. Helpful TipThink of 을 and 를 as tools to connect the object to the action. This concept is unique to Korean grammar, but with practice, it will feel natural!

In Korean, subject markers 이 and 가 play an essential role in identifying the subject of a sentence. Let’s break it down in a way that’s easy to understand:

1. What are subject markers?
Subject markers show what or who the sentence is about. They help listeners focus on the subject of a sentence, even when the word order changes.

For example:

• 고양이가 귀여워요.
  (The cat is cute.)

Here, 고양이 (cat) is the subject, and 가 marks it as the main focus.

2. When to use "이" and "가"?
The difference depends on whether the subject ends with a consonant or a vowel.

• Use "이" after a subject that ends with a consonant.
  Example:
  • 책이 있다.
    (There is a book.)
• Use "가" after a subject that ends with a vowel.
  Example:
  • 학교가 크다.
    (The school is big.)

3. Why do we use "이" and "가"?
In Korean, sentences often drop the subject if it’s understood from context. But when you need to emphasize or clarify who or what the sentence is about, 이 or 가 makes it clear.

4. How are "이" and "가" different from "은" and "는"?

• "이" and "가" are used to introduce new information or focus on the subject in a neutral way.
  Example:
  • 친구가 왔어요.
    (A friend came. → Emphasizing who came.)
• "은" and "는" are used to indicate a general topic or to compare.
  Example:
  • 친구는 왔어요.
    (The friend came. → Contrasting with someone else or emphasizing the situation.)

5. Practice makes perfect!
Let’s try a few sentences:

• 개 (dog):
  • 개가 좋아요. (The dog is nice.)
• 사람 (person):
  • 사람이 많아요. (There are many people.)

By understanding and practicing these subject markers, you'll take a big step toward mastering Korean sentence structure! Keep going, and soon, it will feel natural.