한국말 로마자화 (Romanization of Korean)

개요 (Overview)  
로마자화는 한국어 발음을 로마자(알파벳)로 표기하는 방법입니다. 이는 외국인이 한국어를 이해하거나 발음을 읽을 수 있도록 돕는 데 사용됩니다.  
Romanization is the process of writing Korean pronunciation in the Roman alphabet. It helps non-Korean speakers understand or pronounce Korean words.

로마자 표기법의 종류 (Types of Romanization Systems)

1. 개정 로마자 표기법 (Revised Romanization of Korean)
   - 2000년 국립국어원이 제정한 표준 로마자 표기법입니다.  
   - 발음을 최대한 반영하면서도 간단한 표기를 목표로 합니다.  
   - 가장 널리 사용되는 방식입니다.  
   The Revised Romanization, established by the National Institute of Korean Language in 2000, aims for simplicity and accurate representation of pronunciation. It is the most widely used system.

2. 매큔-라이샤워 표기법 (McCune-Reischauer System) 
   - 1937년에 개발된 방식으로, 발음을 비교적 정확히 반영하지만, 특수 기호(˘, ʼ 등)를 사용합니다.  
   - 북한에서는 이를 수정한 체계를 사용합니다.  
   Developed in 1937, this system reflects pronunciation accurately but uses diacritical marks like ˘ and ʼ. North Korea uses a modified version of this system.

3. 예일 표기법 (Yale Romanization)
   - 주로 학술적인 목적으로 사용되며, 한국어의 음운학적 구조를 충실히 나타냅니다.  
   - 일반인보다는 언어학자들이 많이 사용합니다.  
   Primarily used for academic purposes, this system is designed to represent the phonological structure of Korean. It is mostly used by linguists.

개정 로마자 표기법 원칙 (Principles of the Revised Romanization)

1. 자음 (Consonants)
   - 기본 자음을 다음과 같이 표기합니다:  
   Basic consonants are written as follows:  
     - ㄱ → g  
     - ㄴ → n  
     - ㄷ → d  
     - ㄹ → r/l (초성일 때는 r, 받침일 때는 l)  
     - ㅁ → m  
     - ㅂ → b  
     - ㅅ → s  
     - ㅇ → ng (받침), 생략 (초성)  
     - ㅈ → j  
     - ㅊ → ch  
     - ㅋ → k  
     - ㅌ → t  
     - ㅍ → p  
     - ㅎ → h  

   예 (Examples):  
   - 강 (river) → gang  
   - 서울 (Seoul) → Seoul  
   - 박 (a surname) → bak  

2. 모음 (Vowels)  
   - 모음을 다음과 같이 표기합니다:  
   Vowels are written as follows:  
     - ㅏ → a  
     - ㅑ → ya  
     - ㅓ → eo  
     - ㅕ → yeo  
     - ㅗ → o  
     - ㅛ → yo  
     - ㅜ → u  
     - ㅠ → yu  
     - ㅡ → eu  
     - ㅣ → i  

   예 (Examples):  
   - 바다 (sea) → bada  
   - 학교 (school) → hakgyo  
   - 비 (rain) → bi  

3. 받침 (Final Consonants)
   - 받침은 기본 발음을 유지하여 표기합니다.  
   Final consonants retain their basic pronunciation.  
     - 꽃 (flower) → kkot  
     - 닭 (chicken) → dak  
     - 삶 (life) → sam  

4. 띄어쓰기 (Spacing)  
   - 단어와 단어 사이에는 띄어쓰기를 유지합니다.  
   Words are separated by spaces.  
   예 (Examples):  
   - 대한민국 (Republic of Korea) → Daehanminguk  
   - 한글은 아름답다 (Hangul is beautiful) → Hangeureun areumdapda  

5. 특수 규칙 (Special Rules) 
   - "ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ"은 모음 앞에서는 g, d, b로, 자음 앞이나 받침에서는 k, t, p로 표기합니다.  
   "ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ" are written as g, d, b before vowels and as k, t, p before consonants or as final consonants.  
   예 (Examples):  
   - 국어 (Korean language) → gugeo  
   - 한국말 (Korean speech) → hangukmal  
   - 먹다 (to eat) → meokda  

예제 (Examples)

1. 도시 이름 (City Names)
   - 부산 → Busan  
   - 대전 → Daejeon  
   - 광주 → Gwangju  
   - 춘천 → Chuncheon  

2. 음식 이름 (Food Names)
   - 김치 → Kimchi  
   - 불고기 → Bulgogi  
   - 비빔밥 → Bibimbap  
   - 잡채 → Japchae  

3. 한국 전통 (Korean Traditions)
   - 한복 → Hanbok  
   - 설날 → Seollal  
   - 추석 → Chuseok  
   - 태권도 → Taekwondo  

4. 문장 예제 (Sentence Examples) 
   - 한국은 아름다운 나라입니다 → Hanguk-eun areumdaun naraimnida (Korea is a beautiful country)  
   - 저는 학생입니다 → Jeoneun haksaengimnida (I am a student)  
   - 오늘 날씨가 좋습니다 → Oneul nalssiga jotseumnida (The weather is nice today)  

로마자 표기는 한국어를 전 세계적으로 알리기 위해 중요한 도구입니다. 
Romanization is a vital tool for promoting the Korean language globally. 

Romanization of Korean

Romanization of Korean is a method of transcribing the Korean language using the Roman alphabet to make Korean more accessible. 
The Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism announced revised rules for the "Romanization of the Korean Language" on July 7, 2000. The rules are based on the Korean language's standard pronunciation and avoid using non-Roman symbols. 

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The Romanization of Korean vowels are transcribed as follows

단모음(Single Vowels)

Hangeul	Romanization
ㅏ	a
ㅓ	eo
ㅗ	o
ㅜ	u
ㅡ	eu
ㅣ	i
ㅐ	ae
ㅔ	e
ㅚ	oe
ㅟ	wi

이중모음(Diphthong)

Hangeul	Romanization
ㅑ	ya
ㅕ	yeo
ㅛ	yo
ㅠ	yu
ㅒ	yae
ㅖ	ye
ㅘ	wa
ㅙ	wae
ㅝ	wo
ㅞ	we
ㅢ	ui

Even though, the diphthong "ㅢ" is pronounced as 'ㅣ', it is written as 'ui'. For example, "광희" is romanized as 'Gwanghui," even though it is pronounced as "Gwanghi. Long vowels are not marked separately in Romanization.

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The Romanization of Korean consonants are transcribed as follows. 

파열음(Plosive consonants)

Hangeul	Romanization
ㄱ	g, k
ㄲ	kk
ㅋ	k
ㄷ	d, t
ㄸ	tt
ㅌ	t
ㅂ	b, p
ㅃ	pp
ㅍ	p

파찰음(Affricate consonants)

Hangeul	Romanization
ㅈ	j
ㅉ	jj
ㅊ	ch

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마찰음(Fricative consonants)

Hangeul	Romanization
ㅅ	s
ㅆ	ss
ㅎ	h

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비음(Nasal consonants)

Hangeul	Romanization
ㄴ	n
ㅁ	m
ㅇ	ng

유음(Liquids)

Hangeul	Romanization
ㄹ	r, l

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The consonants "ㄱ, ㄷ, and ㅂ" are romanized as "g, d, and b" before vowels and as "k, t, and p" before consonants or the end of a word. 'ㄹ' is written as "r" before vowels and "l" before consonants or the end of a word, but 'ㄹㄹ' is written as "ll". 

For example

Hangeul	Romanization
구(Number 9)	Gu
더(More)	Deo
바다(Sea)	Bada
국(Soup)	Guk
족(foot)	Jok
밥(Rice)	Bap
오리(Duck)	Ori
라면(Instant noodle)	Ramyeon
실(Thread)	Sil
바늘(Needle)	Baneul
울릉 (An island name of Korea)	Ulleung

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Romanization of Korean reflects the result when a phonological change occurs.

For example, in the case of consonant assimilation(자음동화), '"종로" is written as "Jongno" instead of "Jongro" as the pronunciation of "종로" is "종노" by the consonant assimilation. Another example is "신라." It is romanized as "Silla," not "Sinra" as its pronunciation is "실라" and 'ㄹㄹ' is used as "ll" by the rule of Romanization.

In the case of palatalization(구개음화), the romanization is according to the resulting sound of the phonological change. For example, when palatalized, 굳이(Obstinately) is pronounced as 구지. Thus, the romanization of 굳이 becomes [Guji]. Another example is 같이(Together). It is pronounced as 가치. Therefore, its Romanization is [Gachi].

When batchim "ㅎ(or ㄶ, ㅀ)" is combined with consonants "ㄱ, ㄷ, and ㅈ," they change to aspirated sounds as "ㅋ, ㅌ, and ㅊ" respectively. For example, "놓고" is pronounced as "노코", thus its Romanization becomes "noko". The same can be applied to "많다" and "낳지". Romanization of these words is "만타(manta)" and "나치(nachi)", respectively.

When ㅎ follows ㄱ, ㄷ, and ㅂ in nouns, aspirated sounds are not reflected. For example, A harbor in South Korea, "묵호 is pronounced as "Muko," but it is romanized as "Mukho."

When there is a possibility of pronunciation confusion, or you don't want the pronunciation of syllables to be changed, then dashes between syllables can be used. For example, the romanization of 광안리(A beach in Busan, South Korea) is "Gwangalli." If you don't want the pronunciation to change due to phonological change, then you can put dashes between the syllables as "gwang(광)-an(안)-li(리)."

Names of people, companies, and organizations widely used before this revised Romanization version may be written as they were before, while new names must follow the new rules.